Enlightenment and Puritans - 782 Words

The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a period of social, religious, and political revolution throughout the 18th century which changed the thoughts of man during this â€Å"awakening† time. It was a liberation of ignorant thoughts, ideas, and actions that had broken away from the ignorant perception of how society was to be kept and obeyed thus giving little room for new ideas about the world. Puritan society found these new ideas of thought to be extremely radical in comparison to what they believed which was a belief of strong rational religion and morality. Enlightened society believed that the use of reason would be a catalyst of social change and had a demand of political representation thus resulting in a†¦show more content†¦Because of ideas that the Enlightenment brought forth from writing they also made a significant impact on how politics would transition from the old theocratic view of government into a democratic institution. Next , the new ideal of government started bringing new ideas of how the government should be ran. The old theocracy of the Puritans gave power to the ministers of the older settlements which limited all power from the people. An example of political philosophy ideas that were proposed was the introduction of empiricism by John Locke which profoundly influenced American society to the thought that government had an emphasis of a social contract which created a consistency between society and the laws of nature. This meant that power would reside with the people rather than the state. The Puritan government, before the Enlightenment, was shrouded in myth and radical religious rule where they believed that God had everything to do with how they should rule society and decisions that had to be made. Enlightenment philosophers that would eventually come to be, such as Thomas Jefferson, introduced the Constitution which stated that the government would be â€Å"for the people, by people†, resulting into equal rights for all and giving power to the people to make decisions. These ideas of equality and other ideas of political freedom would give way to changes in the social philosophy of the Puritans.Show MoreRelatedThe Puritan And The Embodiment Of Enlightenment1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Puritan and the Embodiment of Enlightenment The dichotomy between a Puritan and a Rationalist seems to be very apparent. Despite the differences, the very existence of these two writers showcases the need for dissent to influence, and to always question the status-quo. Anne Bradstreet and Benjamin Franklin give a glimpse of the time period during the creation of their works. Many factors affect their writing: gender and the reason for writing, references to non-Biblical scriptures, and theRead MoreFranklin: Puritan or Enlightenment? Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesIs Franklin a Puritan or Enlightenment Thinker About Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Ha dad little formal education, but he made it through his own efforts and became a rare genius in human history. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace and he became almost everything: a printer, essayist, scientist, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, etc.-#161;#176;JackRead MoreEnlightenment, Transcendentalism, and Puritan Theology Essay1840 Words   |  8 PagesEnlightenment, transcendentalism, and puritan theology: 3 philosophies that shaped 3 centuries in America. Since the time periods of each philosophy overlapped with the others, all 3 had similarities as well as differences. From these philosophies came different writers with different views, shaping American prose. A major Enlightenment author was Thomas Paine. Thomas Paine wrote a piece called The Age of Reason. In this piece he fully encompassed the ideologies of the Enlightenment. These includedRead MoreThe Enlightenment Puritanism Essay807 Words   |  4 Pages The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a period of social, religious, and political revolution throughout the 18th century which changed the thoughts of man during this â€Å"awakening† time. It was a liberation of ignorant thoughts, ideas, and actions that had broken away from the ignorant perception of how society was to be kept and obeyed thus giving little room for new ideas about the world. Puritan society found these new ideas of thought to be extremely radical in comparisonRead MorePuritanism And Its Effect On Society1457 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Puritanism/Religion† show that what set Puritanism apart from the rest was the way it was preached and the intense experience it gave many. The style and teaching of the Bible have evolved over time. According to the â€Å"Journal of Church and State,† the Puritans connected a covenant relationship with unifying themselves (2014). McMahon (n.d.) stated they wanted a pure church with the Word of God. Preachers In Salem The path to becoming a preacher started very early on in their lives. Stated in McMahon’sRead MoreBenjamin Franklin As A Representation Of The Enlightenment1571 Words   |  7 PagesRepresentation of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was largely a rational response to the 16th and 17th century Scientific Revolution, as well as major developments in philosophical thinking, such as ideas proposed by Rene Descartes. During the Enlightenment, thinkers emphasize rational and critical ways of thinking, rather than the complete reliance on religion that had been previously accepted. In many ways, Benjamin Franklin was the human embodiment of the Age of Enlightenment. Similarly to theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesmethod by which to subdue and control social deviance--beggars, drunkards, outspoken women, and even the mad. Control was placed in the hands of the church, which began to wane the Enlightenment took hold. Yet, twenty years after the â€Å"zenith† of these trials, in 1692, witch trials found new life within a small Puritan community of Salem, Massachusetts (Cockerham 2014: 10-11). Scholars have returned again and again to this event, demanding th at â€Å"Salem must be about something other than witches, demonsRead MoreThe 17th Century Puritan Influence on the Writings of Thomas Paine1578 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Common Knowledge: 17th Century Puritan Influence in Common Sense There can be little doubt as to the fact that Thomas Paine was one of the most incisive minds of the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that began in Europe and quickly spread to the surrounding continents including the United States of America, where Paine immigrated to. The embracing of concepts such as Deism and other ideas that favored mans prowess and knowledge over the traditional influence of a divine power during theRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe court system and America’s government. It also affected religion. One of the causes was an outbreak of public backlashes. A hysteria broke out in the colonies, causing a massive witch hunt. Although, over a period of time, the ideas of the Enlightenment caused the view of the trials to change. It gave a large quantity of natural ideas to the situation. There had specifically been an idea that the hallucinations were from a drug that the colonists had been consuming each day. Th is drug is calledRead Morereligion in the colonies773 Words   |  4 Pagesof the thirteen colonies had established churches. Having an established church meant you paid taxes for the support of that church whether or not you were a member. The colonies with official state or established churches of the Congregational (Puritan) church denomination consisted of Maine, Connecticut, and Vermont. Colonies that remained a part of the original Church of the England were Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and New York. John Calvin had a major influence

The Bizarre Secret of Personal Expressive Essay Topics

The Bizarre Secret of Personal Expressive Essay Topics Each paper has its precise intent. Also there's an alternate solution out there. The same type of concept applies to the social class and social condition of the individual. Perhaps it's time to rethink the internet application revolution. The 30-Second Trick for Personal Expressive Essay Topics Deciding upon a topic for an Expressive essay should be somewhat simple, if it's broken down into an approach. An essay is a fairly brief bit of writing on a specific topic. In some cases, it is also known as composition if one is writing a piece of literary article. Expressive essays unlike other sorts of essays have to have a rough draft that needs to be put off for a number of days before re-reading and re-writing it. Advisabale Custom Writing is a great essay writing service. It is excruciatingly hard to do. Editing and rewriting are still a crucial part of the procedure, and formatting is valuable to the total feel too. It isn't simple to turn into successful and hardly anyone is genuinely successful but it's a noble aim to strive for. Each portion of your mind that's concerned with these kinds of things will make its wants known, and endeavor to distract you. If everyone does something a particular way, then that might be optimal for social scenarios. Today, it's one of the most overlooked ways to handle the emotional stresses of our lives. Although it may be tempting to show off all your shiny accolades here, you ought not attempt to include everything you possibly can. The simplest way is easily the most efficient way. There's no greater approach to do so than to write. Culture is a means once and for all. Ideas change the Earth, particularly when they're written. Individuals that are really expressive. Every action we take is a kind of expression. It's difficult to know what deserves our focus and what things to tune out. Among the oldest techniques linked with emotion tracking is journaling. It's necessary for you to be exposed to all genres of writing so that you receive a superior sense of all varieties of grammar. You can pick out a particular story for your undertaking. It's totally free to imagine and make novels. Essay genre has gotten widely utilised in latest decades. Top Personal Expressive Essay Topics Choices A whole lot of people also understand what's happening in my life at the moment, because of what I post on social networking. Therefore, short descriptions of the principal ones will be supplied below. Now, there are several places where people are able to share and exchange ideas. If, for example, the quieter person can take a while to settle themselves then they may be in a position to re-enter interaction with the more expressive individual. You don't need to be concerned about the caliber of the essay as it'll be 100% unique rather than only snatched on the web. The easiest method is to select the most interesting one first, and make a brief outline of information. The sort of experience doesn't really matter, so if well-written a bad or a fantastic experience may give your paper a top grade. Whatever the situation, the value in every piece was completely different. Your post should have a goal. You are going to have the chance to present the reader with new and exciting info. It is possible to combine many images that collectively tell a comprehensive story. Picasso's work is broken up into periods. Don't utilize widely used terms whenever you may. Reading psycholinguistic studies sounds to be an exciting way to devote your time! Although two students may attend class daily together for numerous decades, there is a clear likelihood they may know practically nothing about one another. The Personal Expressive Essay Topics Trap Expressive essays don't have some particular structure, yet it's advisable to stick to the five paragraph structure. Narratives are geared toward telling about yourself. Labels are faux comprehension.

Ebola And Symptoms And Effects Essay Example For Students

Ebola And Symptoms And Effects Essay 1. INTRODUCTIONA. HISTORY OF VIRUS1. AFRICA, ZAIRE2. 1970B. SYMPTOMS AND AFFECTS1. BLEEDING, HEMORRHAGING2. DEATH W/IN 20 DAYSC. CURES1. NONE KNOWND. INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS2. HISTORY OF VIRUSA. WHERE IT STARTED1. SCIENTISTSB. HOW IT IS SPREAD1. NON AIRBORNE2. BODILY CONTACTC. WHERE IT EXISTS TODAY3. SYMPTOMS AND EFFECTSA. SEVERE FEVER, ABDOMINAL PAIN1. INSIDES MELTB. DEATH RATES AND TOTALS2 SURVIVORS, BUT EBOLA VIRUS AS THE CAUSE WAS NOTVERIFIED4. CURESA. NONE KNOWN CURES, RESEARCH BEING PERFORMED ONMONKEYS. Ebola virus is a relatively recently discovered virus, that when it infectshumans, caries with it a 50-90% fatality rate. Symptoms of this deadly virusinclude Sudden Fever, Weakness, Muscle Pain, Headache, Sore Throat, Vomiting,Diarrhea, Rash. Internal results include Limited Kidney Function, Limited LiverFunction, and Internal and External Bleeding. The incubation period for the Ebola virus ranges from 2 to 21 days, dependingupon the method of infection. A direct inoculation of the virus into the bloodstream ofa human will bring about symptoms markedly faster than other forms of less directcontact. The virus is present in the males reproductive fluids, and can be transmittedthrough sexual contact for up to 7 weeks after clinical recovery from the Ebola virus. The Ebola virus can be diagnosed with laboratory testing of blood specimensunder maximum containment conditions because of the high risk of infection to thosehandling infected blood. There is currently no treatment or vaccination available for the Ebola virus. Transmission of the Ebola virus occurs by direct contact with the bodily fluidsof patients infected with the virus. The handling of chimpanzees that are either ill orhave died from the Ebola virus can also transmit the virus. Any suspicion of infection with the Ebola virus should be treated with extremecaution: immediate isolation from other patients and strict barrier nursing techniquesmust be practiced. All instruments, clothing, or biological matter must be eitherdisposed of or thoroughly disinfected immediately. The initial outbreaks of the Ebola virus occurred in 1976. Springing forth fromunknown origins, this virus held the nations of Zaire in fear as it quickly claimed the livesof many of its citizens. As this was the first recorded outbreak of the Ebola virus, themedical community was unsure of how to handle Ebola. The level of care in Zaire duringthis outbreak was very low, and as a result of the many infected victims congregated inpublic areas, the virus continued to spread among the denizens of Zaire. The interveningyears have slowly produced scientific data on the nature of the virus yet treatment is stillunavailable for those infected. The first outbreak, as stated earlier, occurred in Zaire in 1976. This first outbreakwas followed by one in western Sudan, also in 1976. In total, these two outbreaks havebeen traced to the deaths of 340 people resulting from the 550 plus cases that wereidentified in these two nations.After lying dormant for several years the Ebola virus onceagain m ade its presence known in 1979. Once again, no cause was identified as 34 casesof Ebola were identified in Sudan. This occurrence brought the deaths of 22 patients showing a fatality rate of more than 60%, just as in the 1976 outbreaks. The next instance of humans contracting the Ebola virus occurred in 1995. TheEbola Zaire strain was discovered once again on April 10, 1995 when a patienthospitalized for what was believed to be Malaria infected the surgical team during anoperation. Those involved with the operation developed symptoms indicating a viralhaemorrhagic fever disease. This outbreak occurred in the city of Kikwit, Zaire. Althoughthe virus was spreading at a rapid rate, a coordinated effort of international health serviceswas able to contain the outbreak. Present in this coalition of health organizations was theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (the CDC) and the World Health Organization aided by members of the medical community from France, Belgium, and several so uthernAfrican nations. In this most recent epidemic (defined as all cases occurring from 1 July1995), approximately 233 deaths have been caused, and 293 cases identified as Ebola bringing the fatality rate to nearly 80% in the outbreak of 1995) Ebola was also detected in the United States in 1989, but this strain of the virus, known asEbola Reston, is not harmful to the Homo Sapien population. In 1989 a shipment ofAfrican Green and Rhesus Monkeys arrived in Reston, Virginia from the Philippines. Grapes Of Wrath Essay OpeningFilorviruses. Peters CJ et al. in: Emerging Viruses. S.Morse, Ed., pp 159-75. OxfordUniversity Press, New York. 1991. 15. Filoviruses as emerging pathogens. Peters CJ et al. Seminars in Virology, 94,5:147-154. 16. Sequence analysis of the Ebola virus genome: organization, genetic elements, andcomparison with Marburg. Sanchez et al., Virus Res. 93, 29:215-240. 17. Firsthand clinical observations of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Zaire. Rev. Inf. Dis., 89,11:S-790-793.

Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary

Introduction The role of the American Revolution in history seems to be great indeed: in spite of the fact that some historians define it as a successful American attempt to reject the ideas set by the British government, this event has much more significant aspects and impacts on human lives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By its nature, a revolution is an effort to change something in order to improve the conditions under which people have to live; it is a change from one constitution to another; it is a beginning of the way that should considerably improve everything. In fact, such definitions are close to those offered by Gordon Wood and Howard Zinn. These writers made effective attempts to define the nature of the American Revolution as well as to help the reader build a personal opinion. The nature of the American Revolution is considered to be better understandable relying on the ideas offered by Wood because one of the main purposes which should be achieved are connected with an idea of radical ideological change so strongly supported by Wood: The Americans did not want to follow the rules dictated by the British people but to create their own constitution and live in accordance with their own demands; and Zinn’s approach based on the material needs is poorer as the results of the American Revolution did not prevent the development of poverty but spread it on the American citizens only regarding British interruptions. Body To understand whether the American Revolution was really revolutionary, it is necessary to comprehend the essence of each word in this phrase. The idea of revolution is certainly based on some changes to be achieved. The main goal of the Americans was to gain independence from the British Empire and to become a powerful country in the world. The results of this revolution we re all about American independence and the improvements of living conditions for American people, in other words, it was obligatory to decrease the poverty rates. However, the methods and purposes set during the revolution deserve more attention to be paid. There was a necessity to compare the American and British styles of life (Wood).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Americans were eager to defend their rights as well as to prove their liberty out of the British Empire. What they achieved was the possibilities to develop manufacturing, to establish their own government, to expand any kind of religion, and to vote relying on their own interests. Wood and Zinn evaluate these achievements from different perspectives: Wood’s ideas seem to be more radical, and Zinn’s ideas are regarded as conservative ones to protect wealth of the country. As it has been mentioned above, Woodà ¢â‚¬â„¢s approach is based on the radical ideas according to which a revolution presupposes an idea of an ideological shift under which human rights may be recovered and salvation of liberty will be achieved. He tries to explain that changes which have been achieved influenced considerably the relations between Americans as well as between family members and even between the governmental representatives (Wood). Zinn, in his turn, focuses on the material backgrounds which are inherent to people: as there is a considerable extent of rich and poor people, supporters of the revolution should get the right to have the same opportunities and develop their knowledge. The main achievements of Americans were based on the creation of the Constitution under the conditions of which people should be divided again into the representative of the elite and those members of the middle class. The point is that Zinn is more attentive to the examples from the history to support his position. However, t he simple facts used are not as possible as the sophisticated arguments offered by Wood. The language of the American Revolution is based on rebellions, burdens, and attacks which made people be united for some period of time only in order to win the enemy (Zinn). This is why it was more important to concentrate on the moral or even ideological dimension that should lead to the required political separation (Wood).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So, the evaluation of the American Revolution and the attention to the approaches offered by Wood and Zinn help to comprehend a true essence of the event under analysis. Wood’s approach concerning the ideological shift of the conditions defines a revolutionary nature of the events which took place at the end of the 18th century. Americans were in need of being separated from the ty ranny of the British Empire. Their main purpose was all about separation and independence, and the elimination of poverty among people should be considered as an additional outcome. Wood’s definition of the revolution seems to be correct; however, at the same time, it is wrong to say that Zinn’s attempt was not correct, it is better to admit that his idea was not as powerful and persuasive as the one of Wood is. Conclusion In general, the success of Wood’s argumentation of the American Revolution and its nature helps to understand that this event played a very important role in the American history. People should realize that during that period of time, Americans made one of the most powerful and influential attempts to prove their dignity, their rights, and possibilities. It was possible to achieve the desirable success only by means of the ideological shift described by Wood, and Zinn’s ideas are focused on the consequences which may be observed after t he revolution was over. Still, the American Revolution changed American society considerably and make Americans more confident in personal powers and abilities to change ideologies and follow their own interests to become one of the largest and the richest countries in the whole world. Works Cited Wood, Gordon. The American Revolution: A History. New York: Modern Library, Random House Publishing Group, 2002. Print. Zinn, Howard. â€Å"Tyranny is Tyranny.† In A People’s History of the United States. History Is a Weapon. n.d. 25 Oct. 2010. http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinntyr4.htmlAdvertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary? was written and submitted by user Mall0ry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Arc of Justice Research Essay Example

Arc of Justice Research Essay Example Arc of Justice Research Essay Arc of Justice Research Essay Arc of Justice In the book, Arc of Justice, the stage is set in the growing city of Detroit in 1925. The racial tension during this time was extremely high, with the Jim Crow laws and segregation of whites and blacks. The setting is perfect for Ossian Sweet to move into an all-white neighborhood, cause a disruption, and begin a domino-effect of events causing him to have an important part in our nation’s history. The book begins with Ossian and Gladys Sweet, an African-American couple, just buying their first house. This was a common event for many people during this time period, but what was so uncommon about the Sweets’ home was the neighborhood their new house was in. The house on Garland Avenue was on an all-white street, in an all-white neighborhood. Ossian Sweet’s parents were practicing members of the African Methodist Epsicopal Church (a. k. a AME). Ossian grew up with this faith, which encouraged members to go to school and get a higher education. Sweet’s parents followed that and encouraged their son to go on to college, which Ossian did. He moved away from his family in Florida and went to Wilberforce, an all-black college in Ohio, to pursue a career as a doctor. Ossian and Gladys, after getting married, take a year-long trip to Paris. In Paris it is extremely obvious that there are no Jim Crow laws, like there were in the United States. The Sweets’ aren’t looked down upon because of their skin color by Parisians; they are treated like anybody else. â€Å"Simple courtesies that in the United States he would never have received: that’s what Ossian remembered from his springtime in Paris. (132) Returning to the US, to where they would go right back to being treated like inferiors, wasn’t easy for the Sweets’. Yet, Ossian was proud of his line of work and in Paris he had learned much more. He wanted to defy the Jim Crow laws and wanted to be treated like any other doctor, to live where other doctors live. Ossian and Gladys Sweet wouldn’t settle for a house in Black Bottom, whic h was the area in Detroit where many migrants from the South had no choice but to live. This was during the Harlem Renaissance; thousands of African-American families were looking for places to live. Landlords in Detroit knew this and they increased the prices on homes because they knew the desperate black families would be forced to pay such high prices. These homes were disgusting inside and families barely had enough room to move around. Therefore the Sweets’ decided that was no place for them and they were going to search outside the ghettos of Detroit until they found a nice house- suitable for a doctor- to live in. The small act of them buying the house on Garland caused anger to many of the white families living on that street. During this era the simple presence of just one black family on that street could drive the property value of all the neighboring homes down. â€Å"And everyone knew that when the color line was breeched, housing values would collapse, spinning downward until Garland Avenue was swallowed into the ghetto and everything was lost. † (17) The people living on this street weren’t exactly the â€Å"elite† of Detroit, so the fact that they were white was the only thing keeping them out of the inner city. During the 1920’s, black people lived in the inner city and white people lived on the outside of town. These white families would do whatever it took to get the Sweets to leave, in order to save their neighborhood. The police of Detroit were aware that a black family was moving into a house in an all-white neighborhood, and they knew that the white-families weren’t going to be welcoming of these newcomers. The first two nights the Sweets lived on Garland Ave, there were police officers stationed outside their house to protect them from potential mobs. The first night a mob formed, but they went home eventually. The second night, however, did not end so well. A mob formed again, this time though they began to throw stones at the Sweets home and one smashed through a window. The men upstairs shot into the crowd in an attempt to save the house. These officers turned the other cheek on the white families who began to harass the Sweets, their friends, and their family. It’s obvious that the police officers assigned to defend these poor people didn’t do their job, since the Sweet’s felt so threatened they ended up shooting two people- one fatally. This is, of course, the very event that made Ossian Sweet’s name go down in history. Ossian, his wife, and the other people in his house were arrested and taken to jail for murder, or instead for a clear act of self-defense. Henry Sweet, Ossian’s brother, ended up admitting to shooting during the police interrogation. Clarence Darrow heard about their case. Darrow was a very famous lawyer at the time; he had just been the defense attorney for the Scopes trial earlier that year and he agreed to take their case. The head of the NAACP, James Weldon Johnson, also heard about the trial; he knew that this case would be huge in gaining civil rights for African-Americans, especially since Clarence Darrow was defending them. Johnson decided the NAACP would help to fund the Sweet trial and support them all the way. Darrow questioned dozens and dozens of potential jurors, making sure they were perfect candidates- the right job, the right religion, even the right gender. He would dismiss them if they didn’t meet his qualifications. Since there were so many men on trial he had about 300 jurors at his disposal to search through and find the right people. Darrow needed the perfect jury in order to make sure these people weren’t charged with murder when they were only defending their house and themselves. Gladys had been released on bail after just a few days in jail, but the other nine men were on trial. After a long four weeks, with lots of fighting on between Darrow and Hays, the prosecution’s lawyer, the jury came to a decision. Five of the men, all of them but Ossian, Henry, and Leonard, would be acquitted of murder. The jurors couldn’t come to a unanimous decision about the other three. The judge declared the first trial a mistrial. There was then a second trial to decide Henry Sweet’s fate. The jury declared Henry not guilty. Since the trial was success, the NAACP held a convention to celebrate. They had many things they hoped to challenge, in hopes of black people gaining civil rights, one of which was challenging the Jim Crow laws. â€Å"Prejudice was still a mighty force, but its decline had already begun, and in time it would be defeated. (337) The NAACP starting working on their Legal Defense Fund, which was made possible by the Ossian Sweet trials, and trying their best to ban Jim Crow laws. Unfortunately, Ossian Sweet committed suicide after his wife died and never saw the end result of the movement that he had helped to start. The Sweet trials helped to start the NAACP’s success in breaking down the Jim Crow laws and start the civil rights movement. Through the suc cess of the trials and with the help of Clarence Darrow, the Sweets helped to start the desegregation of one of the racially tense countries in America.

Queen Victoria, Queen of England and Empress of India

Queen Victoria, Queen of England and Empress of India Queen Victoria (May 24, 1819–January 22, 1901), was the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the empress of India. She was the longest-ruling monarch of Great  Britain until Queen Elizabeth II surpassed her record and ruled during a time of economic and imperial expansion known as the Victorian Era. Fast Facts: Queen Victoria Known For: Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1837–1901), Empress of India (r. 1876–1901)Born: May 24, 1819 in Kensington Palace, London, EnglandParents: Edward, Duke of Kent and Victoire Maria Louisa of Saxe-CoburgDied: January 22, 1901 in Osborne House, Isle of WightPublished Works: Letters, Leaves From the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, and More LeavesSpouse:  Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (m. Feb. 10, 1840)Children: Alice Maud Mary (1843–1878), Alfred Ernest Albert (1844–1900), Helena Augusta Victoria (1846–1923), Louise Caroline Alberta (1848–1939), Arthur William Patrick Albert (1850–1942), Leopold George Duncan Albert (1853–1884), Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore (1857–1944) Queen Victorias children and grandchildren  married into many royal families of Europe, and some  introduced the hemophilia gene  into those families. She was a member of the house of Hanover, later called the house of Windsor. Early Life Queen Victoria was born Alexandrina Victoria at Kensington Palace, London, England on May 24, 1819. She was the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent (1767–1820), the fourth son of King George III (1738–1820, r. 1760–1820). Her mother was Victoire Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg (1786–1861), sister of Prince (later King)  Leopold of the Belgians (1790–1865, r. 1831–1865). Edward had married Victoire when an heir to the throne was needed after the death of Princess Charlotte, who had been married to Prince Leopold.  Edward died in 1820, just before his father did.  Victoire became the guardian of Alexandrina Victoria, as designated in Edwards will. When George IV became king (r. 1821–1830),  his dislike for Victoire helped isolate the mother and daughter from the rest of the court.  Prince Leopold helped his sister and niece financially. Heiress In 1830 and at the age of 11, Victoria became heir-apparent to the British crown on the death of her uncle George IV, at which point the parliament granted her income.  Her uncle William IV (1765–1837, r. 1830–1837) became king. Victoria remained relatively isolated, without any real friends, though she had many servants and teachers and a succession of pet dogs.  A tutor, Louise Lehzen (1784–1817), tried to teach Victoria the kind of discipline that Queen Elizabeth I had displayed. She was tutored in politics by her uncle Leopold. When Victoria turned 18, her uncle King William IV offered her a separate income and household, but Victorias mother refused. Victoria attended a ball in her honor and was greeted by crowds in the streets. Queen When William IV died childless a month later, Victoria became Queen of Great Britain and was crowned June, 20, 1837. Victoria began to exclude her mother from her inner circle. The first crisis of her reign came when rumors circulated that one of her mothers ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora, was pregnant by her mothers adviser, John Conroy.  Lady Flora died of a liver tumor, but opponents at court used the rumors to make the new queen seem less innocent. Queen Victoria tested the limits of her royal powers in May 1839, when the government of Lord Melbourne (William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, 1779–1848), a Whig who had been her mentor and friend, fell. She refused to follow established precedent and dismiss her ladies of the bedchamber so that the Tory government could replace them.  In the bedchamber crisis she had the support of Melbourne.  Her refusal brought back the Whigs and Lord Melbourne until 1841. Marriage Neither Victoria nor her advisers favored the idea of an unmarried queen, despite or because of the example of Elizabeth I (1533–1603, r. 1558–1603).  A husband for Victoria would have to be royal and Protestant, as well as an appropriate age, which narrowed the field. Prince Leopold had been promoting her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861)  for many years. They had first met when both were 17 and had corresponded ever since. When they were 20, he returned to England and Victoria, in love with him, proposed marriage. They were married on Feb. 10, 1840. Victoria had traditional views on the role of wife and mother, and although she was queen and Albert was prince consort, he shared government responsibilities at least equally. They fought often, sometimes with Victoria shouting angrily. Motherhood Their first child, a daughter, was born in November 1840, followed by the Prince of Wales, Edward, in 1841. Three more sons and four more daughters followed.  All nine pregnancies ended with live births and all the children survived to adulthood, an unusual record for that time.  Although Victoria had been nursed by her own mother, she used wet-nurses for her children. Though the family could have lived at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, or the Brighton Pavilion, they worked to create homes more appropriate for a family.  Albert was key in  designing their residences at Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. The family traveled to several places, including Scotland, France and Belgium.  Victoria became especially fond of Scotland and Balmoral. Government Role When Melbournes government failed again in 1841, he helped with the transition to the new government to avoid another embarrassing crisis. Victoria had a more limited role under Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (1788–1850), with Albert taking a lead for the next 20 years of dual monarchy.  Albert guided Victoria to an appearance of political neutrality, though she didnt become any fonder of Peel. Instead, she became involved with establishing charities. European sovereigns visited her at home, and she and Albert visited Germany, including Coburg and Berlin.  She began to feel herself part of a larger network of monarchs.  Albert and Victoria used their relationship to become more active in foreign affairs, which conflicted with the ideas of the foreign minister, Lord Palmerston (Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, 1784–1865).  He didnt appreciate their involvement, and Victoria and Albert often thought his ideas too liberal and aggressive. Albert worked on a plan for a Great Exhibition, with a Crystal Palace in Hyde Park. Public appreciation for this construction completed in 1851 finally led to a warming of the British citizens toward their queens consort. Wars In the mid-1850s, the Crimean War (1853–1856) engrossed Victorias attention; she rewarded Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) for her service in helping protect and heal soldiers. Victorias concern for the wounded and sick led to her founding Royal Victoria Hospital in 1873.  As a result of the war, Victoria grew closer to the French emperor Napoleon III and his empress Eugà ©nie.  Napoleon III (1808–1873) was president of France from 1848–1852, and when he was not reelected, seized power and ruled as an emperor from 1852–1870. The unsuccessful revolt of Indian infantrymen in the army of the East India Company known as the Mutiny of the Sepoys (1857–1858) shocked Victoria. This and subsequent events led to British direct rule over India and Victorias new title as empress of India on May 1, 1876. Family In family matters, Victoria became disappointed with her eldest son, Albert Edward, prince of Wales, heir presumptive. The eldest three children- Victoria, Bertie, and Alice- received better educations than their younger siblings did, as they were most likely to inherit the crown. Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal Victoria werent as close as Victoria was to several of the younger children; the princess was closer to her father.  Albert won his way in marrying the princess to Frederick William, son of the prince and princess of Prussia. The young prince proposed when Princess Victoria was only 14. The queen urged delay in marriage to be sure that the princess was truly in love, and when she assured herself and her parents that she was, the two were formally engaged. Albert had never been named prince consort by parliament. Attempts in 1854 and 1856 to do so failed. Finally in 1857, Victoria conferred the title herself. In 1858, Princess Victoria was married to the Prussian prince.  Victoria and her daughter, known as Vicky, exchanged many letters as Victoria attempted to influence her daughter and son-in-law.   Mourning A series of deaths among Victorias relatives kept her in mourning starting in 1861. First, the king of Prussia died, making Vicky and her husband Frederick crown princess and prince. In March, Victorias mother died and Victoria collapsed, having reconciled with her mother during her marriage.  Several more deaths in the family followed, and then came a scandal with the prince of Wales.  In the middle of negotiating his marriage with Alexandra of Denmark, it was revealed that he was having an affair with an actress. Then Prince Alberts health failed.  He caught a cold and couldnt shake it. Perhaps weakened already by cancer, he developed what may have been typhoid fever and died on Dec. 14, 1861.  His death devastated Victoria; her prolonged mourning lost her much popularity. Death Eventually coming out of seclusion in February 1872, Victoria maintained an active role in government by building many memorials to her late husband. She died on January 22, 1901. Legacy Her reign was marked by waxing and waning popularity, and suspicions that she preferred the Germans a bit too much diminished her popularity. By the time she had assumed the throne, the British monarchy was more figurehead and influence than it was a direct power in the government, and her long reign did little to change that. Queen Victorias influence on British and world affairs, even if often was a figurehead, led to the naming of the Victorian Era for her.  She saw the largest extent of the British empire and the tensions within it.  Her relationship with her son, keeping him from any shared power, probably weakened the royal rule in future generations, and the failure of her daughter and son-in-law in Germany to have time to actualize their liberal ideas probably shifted the balance of European history. The marriage of her daughters into other royal families and the likelihood that her children bore a mutant gene for hemophilia affected the following generations of European history. Sources Baird, Julia. Victoria the Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire. New York: Random House, 2016.Hibbert, Christopher. Queen Victoria: A Personal History. New York: Harper-Collins, 2010.Hough, Richard. Victoria and Albert. New York: St. Martins Press, 1996.Rappaport, Helen. Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003.

Foreign Exchange Dealing Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Foreign Exchange Dealing Room - Essay Example According to the world- wide central banking organization which is the Bank for International Settlements, the amount of daily trading done in the forex market is more than three trillion US Dollars. Thus the trading amount is so much that it is much larger than all of the US stock markets taken together. Here, trading from the whole world is done with or without the involvement of hard cash. The trading begins in Sydney everyday, and moves first to Tokyo followed by London and then New York as the business day start in every financial sector. The exchange rates are shown around the world continuously on the computer. The trading takes place when any trader quotes a price for any currency on his machine, and then anyone in the word willing to trade at that particular price can reply to that message and trade. Thus the buyer and sellers can be from any country and virtually trade with other without being present at any particular. The trading takes place between three continents which makes it possible to react or change any decision by any trader regarding his trading activity any event or activity. The value of a particular currency relative to other currencies is influenced by many factors but the main factor affecting it is pure supply and demand of the market. If the demand rises or supply falls, it results in price rise or price fall respectively. 1. DEALING ROOM-ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE: Its organization consists of two tiers namely the retail tier and the wholesale tier. In the retail tier, trading in forex is done by the small agents whereas in the wholesale tier, the dealings between dispersed and diverse banks and big financial institutions , multinational corporations take place. In the forex market, the traders and the individuals have different access levels unlike the stock market, where every client can access the same price of stocks like the other participants or individuals. Whereas in the forex market, on the top level, there is the biggest investment banking firms like Citi and Deutsche Bank. At this level, where the difference between

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Art History - Essay Example The interior of the krakers was glazed so as to make the clay surface suitable for holding water. Also, for aesthetic reasons because the interior was seen easily (Richter, 55). The participants at the start of each symposium elected a lord of common drink or symposiarch. This lord would be in charge of the wine servants, the degree of wine dilution and how it changes as the party continues, and the rate at which the cups will be filled. The centerpiece of the symposiarch’s power was how the krater was filled and emptied. An astute symposiarch was able to make out the degree of inebriation of his fellow participants. Hence, he made sure that the event went on smoothly and without cases of excess drunkenness. Drinking undiluted wine in ancient Greece was considered low, as it characterized the person dinking a drunkard and someone who lacked self-control and principle. For an optimal long conversation, the ancient writers advised a ratio of one is to three (wine to water). A ratio of one is to two was for fun, and a ratio of one is to one was suitable for orgiastic revelry (Richter, 75). There were various forms of krakers. These include column kraker, which has its origin in Corinth though it was Athenians. Calyx krater, this kraker resembles the shape of a calyx flower. It has low handles, which protrude at the base of the bowl. Volute krater, it is attic in shape and has handles which look like the volute of a capital. Bell kraker, it has the look of inverted bell, and they are all red-figure. On this assignment, the focus will lie on the Calyx kraker mixing bowl. The calyx kraker depicts dueling scenes from the Trojan War. The mixing bowl is in the museum of fine arts in Boston. The bowl is from the late archaic period about 490-480 B.C. It has a height of 45.2 cm, or 17 13/16 in diameter is 51.3 cm (20 3/6 in). It is a red figure ceramic classified as Greek vessel. The Tyszkiewicz painter got his name from the vessel (Richter,

The Leisure Products (LP) Company manufactures lawn and patio furniture Essay Example for Free

The Leisure Products (LP) Company manufactures lawn and patio furniture Essay These costs are allocated to each unit of output based on the projected annual production of 500,000 chairs. A 10 percent markup ($ 0. 65) was added to the cost per unit in arriving at the firms selling price of $ 7. 15 (plus shipping). In May, LP received an inquiry from Southeast Department Stores concerning the possible purchase of folding chairs for delivery in August. Southeast indicated that they would place an order for 30,000 chairs if the price did not exceed $ 5. 50 each (plus shipping). The chairs could be produced during the slow period using the firms existing equipment and workforce. No overtime wages would have to be paid to the workforce in fulfilling the order. Adequate materials were on hand (or could be purchased at prevailing market prices) to complete the order. LP management was considering whether to accept the order. The firm’s chief accountant felt that the firm should not accept the order because the price per chair was less than the total cost and contributed nothing to the firm’s profits. The firm’s chief economist argued that the firm should accept the order if the incremental revenue would exceed the incremental cost. The following cost accounting definitions may be helpful in making this decision Direct labor: Labor costs incurred in converting the raw material into the finished product. Material: Raw materials that enter into and become part of the final product. Plant overhead: All costs other than direct labor and materials that are associated with the product, including wages and salaries paid to employees who do not work directly on the product but whose services are related to the production process (line managers, maintenance, and janitorial personnel); heat; light; power; supplies; depreciation; taxes; and insurance on the assets employed in the production process. Selling and distribution costs: Costs incurred in making sales (e. g. , billing and salespeople’s compensation), storing the product, and shipping the product to the customer. (In this case the customer pays all shipping costs. ) Administrative costs: Items not listed in the preceding categories, including general and executive office costs, research, development, engineering costs, and miscellaneous items. Answer the following questions: 1. Calculate the incremental, or marginal, cost per chair to Leisure Products of accepting the order from Southeast? 2. What assumptions did you make in calculating the incremental cost in Question 1? What additional information would be helpful in making these calculations? 3. Based on your answers to Questions 1 and 2, should Leisure Products accept the Southeast order? 4. What additional considerations might lead Leisure Products to reject the order? Solution 1. Marginal cost per chair to Leisure Products = $4. 55 (Direct labor + Direct Materials) 2. While calculating incremental cost in Q1, I made following assumptions: a. The cost of labor would remain same i. e. there will no overtime wages. b. LP will be able to produce 30,000 chairs to fulfill the order from Southeast with its existing capacity. c. The cost of materials will remain same. There is additional information given in the case to support my calculation in Q1. Since the customer is bearing the shipping cost, the selling and distribution costs is ignored for decision making. Administrative cost and plant overhead are indirect costs and are allocated to estimate size of production. Since these costs do not change irrespective of production, such cost is not considered for calculation of marginal cost per chair. 3. Since selling price per chair exceeds the marginal cost per chair, LP should accept the order. This order will have positive impact on the profitability of LP. 4. Following considerations may lead Leisure Products to reject the order: a. The existing capacity is not adequate and new capacity would be required to complete the order. b. Overtime and more labor resources affecting the labor cost would be required to complete the order. c. LP will have to bear the selling and distribution costs. d. Changes in market affecting material or labor cost can affect the decision.

Plotinus on The One and the Good Essay -- Plotinus The One Good Essays

Plotinus on The One and the Good In Ennead VI, 9, Plotinus discusses the nature of The One with respect to goodness, and particularly the supreme concept of goodness, which he calls the Good. The One is a model for the highest virtue or principle; however, we find that it is difficult to characterize The One in such a way because Plotinus explains that it supercedes all description that we attribute to it. While Plotinus’ account of The One is an interesting argument that develops somewhat logically, in the end, it becomes difficult to reconcile the lack of qualities of The One with Plotinus’ claim that it is the cause of existence. In his passage on The One and the Good, Plotinus begins by saying that The One is not an intellective existence, meaning that it does not think. He then states that The One does not exhibit any sort of motion because it predates motion and thought as well. This is important to the development of the rest of Plotinus’ philosophy because it provides the context that The One existed before both thought and material objects. The reason for the latter is because motion is fundamental to matter and The One existed before motion. Plotinus continues and states that The One is not in a state of ignorance despite its lack of knowledge or thought. The reason for this is because ignorance requires knowledge to be ignorant of, and The One existed before knowledge. â€Å"Ignorance presupposes a dual relationship: one does not know another. But The One, in its aloneness, can neither know nor be ignorant of anything.† The One exists, therefore, effectively at a time before time existed. The only way to characterize The One’s state at that point is that it existed... ...ast sound instantly passed between the future and the past, it only existed in the future which was when we heard it. Therefore, even if the present has no time value, it is a reference point for all time that has passed. Augustine’s conflict between people being able to measure time and the difficulty in doing so is understandable because of his perspective on the present. He claims sensibly that the present moment has no overall value, but that doesn’t mean that in it we can’t assign points in time that pass and compare them. His conclusion arises because he doesn’t consider the possibility that time of something in the past still has value in the future as long as the difference between its start and end points are known. It is not surprising that he excludes this possibility, however, because he believes that time in the past is immeasurable.

Outline and assess the view that the role of education system is to justify and reproduce social inequalities Essay

Outline and assess the view that the role of education system is to justify and reproduce social inequalities (50) The view that the role of educations system is to justify and reproduce social inequalities is one from a Marxist perspective. They believe that capitalism creates inequality and allows those with wealth to keep theirs. Bowles and Gintis argue that there is a very close relationship between education and work. This is called the correspondence principle. Bowles and Gintis argue that in a capitalist society they are known to give children different types of education based on the class than on their actual ability. Meaning that schools will give working class children a different type of education in comparison to middle and upper class children. Consequently allowing the working class to stay where they are on the class system, but they also allow the middle and upper class to stay where they are too. Capitalism reaffirms the idea that the working class are required to be hardworking and obedient therefore not resisting the teachers, as this is what they will be required to do when they enter the workforce. The education system creates a future workforce that have the desired qualities by passing on the hidden curriculum to school children. The hidden curriculum is the things you learn through going to school and the experiences you get there, and not those that you learn in class and through the formal curriculum. The hidden curriculum is there for working class schools to help shape them for the workforce. The hidden curriculum helps create a subservient workforce, meaning that workers will not challenge the system, and have an acceptance of hierarchy. Meaning that when teachers give directions the students will follow them without asking questions, this prepares them for later in life when they are in work. School subjects have very little reference to each other and that there is not much correlation between each subject. Much like the working class children’s future career as their job may be broken down into small, individual tasks. Whereas in more elite and private schools the children are learnt very different skills, and taught a different set of norms and values. Children at these schools are more likely to be taught to be more in command of the situation that they are in. Bowles and Gintis also reject the idea that the education is meritocratic, and providing equal opportunities for everybody. Middle class children will gain high qualifications and receive higher pad jobs because of their ability but also through their large quantities of cultural capital. Whereas working class children may not have the same opportunities to receive cultural capital this creating inequalities within the education system, much like the class system. This is called cultural reproduction. Bourdieu believes that education reproduces the culture and class system. It shows the importance of the upper class culture and therefore reinforces the power those have over the working class. They are allowed to do this by basing the education system off cultural capital, whilst the culture that the working class children are receiving is not on the education system and therefore they lose interest. Bourdieu believes that education has been developed by the bourgeoisie and therefore the working class have never had any real ownership on the education system they are forced to be a part of. However functionalists believe that the education institution is there and built for a reason, that it affects and benefits both the individual and society. Education allows students to learn and create a shared set of norms and values, therefore creating a similar attitude between everyone. Ultimately allowing a whole society to have values of achievement, competition, and equal opportunities created by education. This is confirmed by Durkheim’s, view that the shared norms and values create social solidarity, allowing the whole society to work in harmony. This can create a skilled workforce as everybody knows what is needed from them and is necessary for the future economy. According to functionalist Parson education is part of a meritocracy, being based on a person’s ability. He believes that education is a bridge between the family and society. Parson’s believes that education creates a set of values including competition, equality, and individualism. Within a meritocracy every student is given the same opportunity, and that achievements and rewards are based off an individual’s efforts and abilities, thus creating an achieved status. A functionalist like Parsons could state that this achieved status allows individuals to strive for more and as a result choose to work and have a career. Education allows students to be categorised and shown what skills they are best at. Role allocation, sorts through people according to their ability at different subjects. Davis and Moore stated that the education system was a meritocracy, and that it is based on the individual’s merit and ability, allowing staff to steer them towards the most suitable career for them. This suggests that everybody has an equal opportunity to gain the most important and best paid jobs, as everybody has had the same opportunity. From a functionalist perspective the most important jobs in society are those that require the longest periods in education and that you have spent a long time working your way there. Therefore Davis and Moore could argue that education is the most important factor in growing up as it is what allows people to be steered into a career. Although a functionalist theorist such as Tumin would argue that those in the highest paid jobs are being rewarded for how hard they have worked. This consequently maintains the meritocratic system, as it implies that we will accept inequality if we know that those with the highest wage are doing the most important jobs. Just as we can accept that it is okay for somebody to be on a higher wage as long as they have more talent and drive than what we do. In conclusion it can be argued that the education system is there to justify and reproduce social inequalities that has been created thus allowing students to be no further forward when trying to prosper in a system that does not want them to succeed. However from a functionalist perspective it can be seen that every child has an equal opportunity to succeed and that it creates an opportunity for working class children to move up the class system.

Any Two Love or War Poems Studied and Compare and Contrast

The first poem I am going to write about is the Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred lord Tennyson. Alfred was born on the 6th of August 1809 in Lincolnshire England. Alfred died on the 6th of October 1892. The poem is talking about war that he read in the newspaper and he wrote a poem about them. The battle took place in the 1854. Alfred was not a soldier in the war he think war is a good thing. In the first verse it talks about the six hundred soldiers going to war in the valley of death. He talks about the soldier being ambushed in the valley by the Russian army. The commander told the soldiers to go to the valley. The soldiers travel about six or seven miles in the valley â€Å"half a league, half a league, half a league onwards all in the valley of death†. There is a good use of tripling half a league, half a league, half a league three times at start sets up a rhythm you can nearly hear the gallop of the horses hooves as you say the words. There is personification in this verse â€Å"Valley of death† this is a good because it suggests to us that the Light Brigade are going to lose their lives in the valley few of them will survive the battle. In the second verse he talks about the soldiers going up the valley ready to battle â€Å"Forward the light brigade†. The soldier didn’t have a choice to go and battle in the valley of death. The soldiers had to go and fight because that was there duty to do as the commander asks them to do saw. Alfred said the soldiers was brave because it said in the poem â€Å"theirs not to make reply Theirs not reason why Theirs but to do or die† This tells us that Alfred is telling that the soldiers was brave to fight for there country. In this verse there is personification â€Å"In to the valley of death†. This is a good use of personification because it describes the valley of death because of the battle in the valley. Ther is a ggod verb the â€Å"Blunder'd† is good because it means making a mistake. This underlines the fact that what the Light Brigade is doing is going to end in disaster. In the third verse it talks about the cannons shooting the light brigade â€Å"cannon to the right of them, cannons to the left of them Cannons in front of them† this is good repetition of the word â€Å"Cannan† underlines how senusly survounded the Light Brigade was by the enemy. It also tells us that with connons all round them the Light Brigade were moving into a deadly trap as there was no escape route. Theres a good persanification bthere â€Å"Jaws of hell† this is good because â€Å"Jaws† are used for eating and gobbling up food. The idea is that the soldiers are going to be eaten up by the fireing canans of the russians. The word â€Å"Hell† suggest that the place and circumstances are horrible like hell. There is a sense of doom. Alfred lord Tennyson tells that the light brigade was bravely to go to the valley and fight. â€Å"Boldly they rode and well† The light brigade was foolish to go to the valley of death because the enemy was in the top and they could shoot them easily. In the forth verse it talks about the Light Brigade ready to battle as they take there swards out. â€Å"Flash’d all their sabres bare† â€Å"Flash’d as they tum’d in air† The light brigade was fighting the gunners away and charging the army away. Theres a good use of verbs in this poem â€Å"Flash'd, sabring, charging, plunged at the beginning of the verse underlines the heroic bravery with which they rode into the valley. â€Å"Reel'd shalter'd and shunderd, This verbs at the end of the cerse tell us that the battle went badly for the Light Brigade and they are forced to retread. Alfred was talking about â€Å"all the world was wondered† as the Light Brigade was trying to fight. At the end it tells that the Light Brigade was retiring from the battle â€Å"reeled from the sabre stroke†. The soldiers was tired after the battle â€Å"shattered and shunder’d†. The last two lines is saying that the light brigade is going back but not the six hundred that had started in the battle â€Å"Then they rode back but not, Not the six hundred† In verse five it describing the battle that the Light Brigade fought in the valley of death. Alfred is saying what was the battle like to fight in. â€Å"While horses and hero fell† he is telling that the soldiers in the Light Brigade were being killed while they were fighting. In the last lines it tells â€Å"All that was left of them, Left of the six hundred† In this verse there are personification â€Å"The jaws of death† There’s use of onomatopoeia â€Å"Thundered† and â€Å"Stormed† as you hear the noises in your head, you are made aware of the seriousness of the attack against the Light Brigade, the cannons are shooting them to pieces. In the last verse of the poem is telling how proud were the soldiers when they came back of the battle â€Å"when can their glory fade† Alfred is praise war and fighting and the soldiers in the Light Brigade. â€Å"Honour the charge they made,† he is praising the charge that the Light Brigade made in the battle. Alfred is saying that the Light Brigade was brave to fight in the battle in the valley â€Å"Noble six hundred†. He uses onomatopoeia In this verse like â€Å"Thundered† and Stormed† as you hear the noises in your head you are made aware of the seriousness of the attack against the light brigade. The second poem I'm going to talk about is Dulce ET Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen. Wilfred Owen was born 18 of March 1893 in Shropshire England and he dead in the war in France in November 1918. In these to poems there are differences and similarities. In Wilfred Owens poem he has written from his experiences in war than Alfred had only read it from the newspaper. Wilfred was saying that war was a terrible thing and Alfred was praising war in his poem. I think that Alfred lord Tennyson is wrong about war, war isn’t I good thing its terrible and Wilfred is write about war. The similarities in the two war poems are the both lots of soldiers are scared in the two poems. In the two poems there are creating a picture in your mined that there are people dieing in the poems. â€Å"In all my dreams before my helpless sight He plunges at me guttering, choking, drowning in Wilfred Owens poem and in Alfred poem is saying, â€Å"sobering the gunners there†. The poem starts off with a description of the soldiers. This is totally contrast to light Brigade where the soldiers are â€Å"bold† and â€Å"Nobel†. Soldiers in Dulce ET Decorum Est look like a bunch of old women â€Å"Nock-kneed† and â€Å"coughing like hags†. The poem starts with a smile. The soldiers are compared to â€Å"old beggars under sacks† This is complete different with how we expect soldiers to be like they are tall and strong and their backs strait not â€Å"bent double† Theirs a good use of repetition in this verse. Repetition of the idea of old. â€Å"old beggars† and â€Å"hags† like old women. This contras again with how soldiers should be we expect them to be young and full of life. There are some verbs in this verse such as â€Å"trudge† â€Å"marched asleep† â€Å"drunken with fatigue† suggest totally exhausted men who are nearly dead on their feet. This is totally different to the types of verbs used in the â€Å"Light Brigade† such as â€Å"charging† and â€Å"flashing† of swards. In verse 2 there is totally chaos when someone shouts out â€Å"Gas! Gas! Quick boys† The soldiers are so tired that their reactions in finding and putting n their gas masks is really slow. Words like â€Å"clumsy† â€Å"Stumbling† underline that their movements are awkward and tired. In contrast the actions of the soldiers in the charge of the light brigade are fast and effective â€Å"boldly they rode and well† From this point onwards Dulce focuses on one induidiual man the one who fails to get his mask on and dies because his lungs are filling up with gas and he cannot breath, very different to the light brigade which focuses throughout on six hundred men. Dulce forces the reader to become emotionally involved we care about the terrible death of this one man but in light brigade because there are six hundred of them we seem to care less that most of them die. In verse 3 Wilfred Owen begins to talk directly to you. Earlier he has used â€Å"I† â€Å"I saw him drowning† which means that he personally was at the battle and witnessed what happened. Again this technique makes us feel sorry for the man who died. Differently to Alfred was never a soldier he read about the light brigade battle in the news paper the uses the pronoun â€Å"They† throughout his poem so again we don’t feel close to these soldiers. The imagery in verse 3 of dulce is associated with parts of the body and ideas about likes that the reader finds disgusting e. g. the block came gargling from the frat and â€Å"obscene as cancer† These quotes underline how terrible death of this man was and if only people understood this they would stop pretending that it is great to die for your country Tennyson dreams that it is glorious , noble and brave die for your country.

About David Adjaye, African-Born World Architect

About David Adjaye, African-Born World Architect With an exterior siding of bronzed aluminum panels and an entry hall with more wood than the hold of a slave ship, the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC may become David Adjayes most recognizable work. The Tanzania-born British architect creates transformative designs, from this national museum for the US to an old rail station that is now the Nobel Peace Center in Oslo, Norway. Background: Born:   September 22, 1966, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Africa Education and Professional Training: 1988-1990: Chassay Last, London, United Kingdome1990: Bachelor of Architecture with honors, London South Bank University1990-1991: David Chipperfield (UK) and Eduardo Souto de Moura (Portugal)1993: Masters in Architecture, Royal College of Art1994-2000: Partnership with William Russell as Adjaye Russell1999-2010: Visited every country in Africa to document African architecture2000 - present: Adjaye Associates, Principal (Facebook) Significant Works: 2002: Dirty House, London, UK2005: Idea Store, Whitechapel, London, UK2005: Nobel Peace Center, Oslo, Norway2007: Rivington Place, London, UK2007: Bernie Grant Arts Centre, London, UK2007: Museum of Contemporary Art, Denver, CO2008: Stephen Lawrence Centre, London, UK2010: Skolkovo Moscow School of Management, Moscow, Russia2012: Francis Gregory Library, Washington, D.C.2014: Sugar Hill (affordable housing), 898 St. Nicholas Avenue, Harlem, NYC2015: Aà ¯shti Foundation, Beirut, Lebanon2016: Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC), Washington, D.C. Furniture and Product Designs: David Adjaye has a collection of side chairs, coffee tables, and textile patterns offered by Knoll Home Designs.   He also has a line of circular chairs on stainless steel tubular frames called Double Zero for Moroso. About David Adjaye: Because Davids father was a government diplomat, the Adjaye family moved from Africa to the Middle East and finally settled in England when David was a young teenager. As a graduate student in London, the young Adjaye traveled from traditional Western architectural havens, like Italy and Greece, to spending time in Japan learning about modern Eastern architecture. His world experience, including returning to Africa as an adult, informs his designs- not known for a particular style, but for a thoughtful representation embedded into individual projects. Another experience that has affected the work of David Adjaye is the disabling illness of his brother, Emmanuel. At a young age, the future architect was exposed to the dysfunctional designs of public institutions used by his family as they cared for a newly paralyzed child. He has said many times that functional design is even more important than beauty. In December 2015, Adjaye Associates was asked to submit a proposal for the Obama Presidential Center, to be built in Chicago. Related People of Influence: Eduardo Souto de MouraChris OfiliRichard Rogers Significant Awards: 1993: Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Bronze Medal2007: Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to architecture2014: W.E.B. Du Bois Medal Quotations - In the Words of David Adjaye: Things often come at the time they’re meant to come, even if they seem late.- 2013, The New Yorker Sustainability is not just material use or energy use...it is lifestyle.†- Approach Related Books: David Adjaye: Form, Heft, Material, Art Institute of Chicago, 2015David Adjaye: Authoring: Re-placing Art and Architecture, Lars Muller, 2012David Adjaye: A House for an Art Collector, Rizzoli, 2011African Metropolitan Architecture, Rizzoli, 2011Adjaye, Africa, Architecture, Thames Hudson, 2011David Adjaye Houses: Recycling, Reconfiguring, Rebuilding, Thames and Hudson, 2006David Adjaye: Making Public Buildings, Thames and Hudson, 2006 Sources: David Adjaye website; A Sense of Place by Calvin Tomkins, The New Yorker, September 23, 2013; David Adjaye, Dezeen Book of Interviews, Dezeen, September 29, 2014; Approach at adjaye.com; David Adjaye, Architect by Amy McKenna, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online [accessed January 9, 2016]

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Agency theory and corporate governance Assignment

Agency theory and corporate governance - Assignment Example Involving a series of intentional fraud and corruption, the Enron, Worldcom, Northern Rock and Bank of Credit and Commerce International scandals were just a few of the biggest financial scandals ever recorded for the last two decades. Intervention of regulatory authorities and shareholders for corporate governance increased (Burton, 2000) in a way that provoked the initiation of several conventions -- particularly notable are the Cadbury (1992), Greenbury (1995) reports and the Combined Code (1998). In this light, this paper determines whether the actual and strict compliance to the code, while may not be legally binding, had in a way assisted in improving corporate governance among listed companies. The Combined Code for UK Listed Companies It was following the bankruptcy of a large UK company, Polly Peck, the defunct of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, and the fraud committed by Robert Maxwell when the Cadbury Commission was founded in 1992 and provoked the issuance of the code of best practice for corporate governance, the Cadbury Code (Davidson, 2008). The Cadbury Code clearly laid out the framework for corporate governance in the guise of accountability, integrity, or honesty (Applied Corporate Governance, 2009). The Greenbury Code, on the other hand, centered on the director’s remuneration and its lack of transparency . The Combined Code, a result of both the Cadbury (1992) and Greenbury (1995) codes (hence the name), includes the best practices for corporate governance specifically with regard to the quality of the board, division of offices of the chairman and the managing director, balance of the executives and the non-executives, remuneration of directors, and the nomination committee (Sealy & Worthington, 2007). As opposed to the previous codes, the combined code employs principles (Davidson, 2008). In the Cadbury convention, the most notable aspect which the Combined Code adopted was its approach on ‘compliance and explan ation’ in a way that the listed firms should report the extent to which they have complied with the code and/or explain any form of non-compliance (Sealy & Worthington, 2007). This approach does not only produce external impacts but also importantly internal impacts for it allows a firm to identify which parts or principles of the code worked best for the company and what did not. As a head start, regulatory authorities may now be able to determine which parts of the code are faulty or that do not yield positive results. Added to strict rules and requirements for capital and liquidity, the said approach will define the most effective method for corporate governance (Walker, n.d. as cited in Haddrill, n.d.). Although the Cadbury report and the succeeding ones do not bind companies into a legal obligation, it has become habitual among listed companies in that the Stock Exchange deems it necessary (Sealy & Worthington, 2007). The Combined Code ensures that all constituents in th e corporation incur optimal gains and minimal losses in the course of maximizing profit and reducing costs. In essence, the concept of corporate governance seems easy to apply. In practice, however, the connectedness between the shareholders and the managers for the most part creates conflicts of interests -- the agency problem. The abstraction arising from contracts allows agents (e.g. managers) to act in effort to benefit from an endeavor that may, in turn, work against the favor or interests of the principal (e.g. shareholders). Effectiveness of the Combined Code in